文章架構
1. 對高中文法參考書，在說明此文法時，所用的句子跟說明，進行分析與批判。
2. 對分詞構句底下的各種連接詞進行進一步分析：
(1) because
(2) and
(3) before/ after
(4) as
(5) though
3. 結論
研究問題：
1. 分詞構句跟次要子句在使用上，會有什麼不同？他們分別出現在何種Context 之下？
2. 研究參考書在說明分詞構句時，是否有用not authentic materials跟不當的說 明？
1. 對高中文法參考書所進行分析與批判。
升大學挑戰英文文法總複習講義，p.132-p.135
分詞構句，S+V…
1. (如果)你向右轉，就會找到銀行了。
If you turn to the right, you will find the bank.
= Turning to the right, you will find the bank.
2. (因為)受到飢餓的驅使，他偷了一塊蛋糕。
As he was driven by hunger, he stile a piece of cake.
= Driven by hunger, he stole a piece of cake.
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一開始介紹分詞構句直接以例句填空的方式讓讀者填寫，缺乏介紹分詞構句的語用意義。而例句中的Driven by hunger, 並非普通常用的句子，BNC 中只有兩個queries, 且都不是分詞構具 的用法。
A0L 3845 Yeah, said the voice, just a bloody animal, driven by hunger and sex.
BNU 104 In the mornings they left the calf outside on the roof, under an upturned basket to stop the crows and vultures swooping down to peck out its eyes, and because sometimes, in winter, the jackals are driven by hunger right up to the houses, even in daylight.
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B. 分詞構句，可由副詞子句 簡化而來，其簡化過程為：
1. 先去連接詞
2. 再去主詞 (前後主詞一樣)
3. 動詞改為分詞
[句型] 連接詞+S+V…，S+V…
V-ing (主動/進行) ，S+V…
p.p. (被動/完成) ，S+V…
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形成分詞構句的步驟中，並無順序的考據，先去主詞抑或是先去連接詞其實意義不大。再者，並非所有的連接詞都一定得去除，如：when, if, while …等。雖講義後來有些出連接詞保留的分詞構句，但因編排順序並不連貫，易造成混淆。 且其中的例子也並非常見的句型。如：
If I am invited, I will go to the party.
=If invited, I will go to the party.
於corpus中，此用法只有5個queries,並非很常見的句型。
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C. 否定之分詞應將Not; Never放在句首：
[例] 因為不知道要做什麼，於是我去請教他。
As I didn’t know what to do, I ask for his advice.
= Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice.
D. 在分詞構句中，being 及having been 常被省略，只保留p.p. :
[例] 因為被警察看到，他跑走了。
As he was seen by a policeman, he ran away.
= Seen by a policeman, he ran away.
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在連接詞被省略後，其語意有些許的差異，如Seen by a policeman, he ran away. 可解釋為After/As he was seen by a policeman, he ran away. 故語意上不一定完全相等。
獨立分詞構句
S1+ 分詞構句、S2+V
[例]沒有公車，所以我必須走路回家。
Because there was no bus, I had to walk home.
=There being no bus, I had to walk home.
[例]天氣好的話，我們將去野餐。
If weather permits, we will have a picnic tomorrow.
Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow.
獨立分詞構句，也是由副詞子句簡化而來，其簡化過程為：
1. 先去連接詞
2. 保留主詞(前後主詞不同)
3. 動詞改為分詞
[句型] 連接詞+S1+V…，S2+V…
S1+V-ing (主動/進行) ，S2+V…
S1+p.p. (被動/完成) ，S2+V…
(a) My homework ， I went out to play.
(a) has been finished (b) finished (c) been finished (d) was finished.
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此例子中並未考慮動詞本身所配合的語意角色，finish 常用[+humane ]當agent, 而此例句中，直接以my homework 當主詞，有可能非自己寫作業，而只要作業完成，就出去玩。若要表示在寫完作業後就可以以出去玩，應為：After finishing doing my homework, I could go out to play.
2. 分詞構句底下的各種連接詞
(1) Because
We find it ambiguous that the grammar books tell us the following sentences are equivalent. The (b.) sentence structure is often scaled down to participles in the subordinate clause so that the conjunction as well as the subject is omitted. If we look upon it as one of the grammar rules, we may take it for granted. Yet, if we examine and compare sentence (a.) and (b.), we’ll notice the pragmatic difference in between.
For example, sentence a, c, g, I, k seems more like a statement in writing text rather than a spoken language. In a real discourse, we may not adopt the complete [Conjunction+subject+verb] subordinate structure; instead, we may utter out sentences with the main key ideas in a simplified form. Chances are we don’t bother to state the cause-and-effect relationships that clearly because we are talking about something that both listener and speaker have ideas about.
For example, " Being very busy and not using any help, I was usually in a hurry, " said the former nurse, who taught nursing at Indiana University. (from COCA) In this occasion, the listener can assumable get the idea of “be very busy” since the nurse is described that “She had two daughters, but she was not familiar with Dr. Seuss at all, blaming it on her own nonstop schedule as the wife of a successful man.”
Similarly, there is such usage in Chinese as well. We may say 因為太忙，所以她沒有回我電話。Without second guess, we can assume the subject of the subordinate sentence is the same one in the main clause. If we say 因為她太忙碌，所以她沒有時間回我電話, it is likely that we want to avoid ambiguity in sentence, and suggest the emphasis.
a. Because she was very busy, she didn’t have time to call back.
b. Being very busy, she didn’t have time to call back.
c. Because I am not satisfied with his term paper, I told the student to rewrite it.
d. Not being satisfied with his term paper, I told the student to rewrite it.
e. Because there was no taxi to hail, we had no choice but to walk home.
f. There being no taxi to hail, we had no choice but to walk home.
g. Because it was fine that day, my family made a tour around the small island.
h. It being fine that day, my family made a tour around the small island.
i. Because she was hit by a truck, she was seriously injured.
j. Hit by the truck, she was seriously injured.
k. Because it was broken in a typhoon, the window looked ugly.
l. Broken in a typhoon, the window looked ugly.
(2) And
The reference book stated that “and” in subordinate sentence implies the supplementary position. Again, we found the two parallel sentences are not exactly the same in terms of its pragmatic functions.
In sentence (a.), it is apparent that the conjunction “and” play an essential role to connect two sentences which are of equal position. Yet, in sentence (b.), when “and” is omitting and the verb “wait” was changed into “waiting,” the equality of two verbs are no longer the same. In other words, the participle “waiting” seems to become weaker in its meaning and shows the relationship of attachment.
Also, we can find similar instance from the corpus, such as “He stopped and looked at me, waiting for my response” and “We will be standing in the cath lab, waiting for the patient to show up”(COCA) In the previous sentence, we know that the main clause dominates the main idea, while the subordinate clause which begins with “waiting” can only serve as relatively less important action.
a. I stood there, and waited for her.
b. I stood there, waiting for her.
c. Sam is in college, and he majors in English.
d. Sam is in college, majoring in English.
e. The nurse approached the child, and she tried to make him relaxed.
f. The nurse approached the child, trying to make her relaxed.
(3)Before/ After
We find some examples about changing sentences into participial clauses in reference books as follows:
1. After I had finished my homework, I went home.
= Having finished my homework, I went home.
2. After Tom had been informed of the news, he rushed to his home.
= (Having been) Informed of the news, Tom rushed to his home.
3. After my homework had been finished, I went out to play.
= My homework finished, I went out to play.
4. After he was told the way to take, the traveler went on his journey.
= Told the way to take, the traveler went on his journey.
In terms of the grammar usage, those two sentences can be equal. However, based on their functions in the context, they may not be quite the same. It’s improper to put an equal mark between the two sentences. Different sentence patterns function differently. Here, take the conjunction ’after’ as the example. First of all, if we change subordinate clause into participial phrase, it sort of weakens more of the importance of the action. Secondly, with the substitution for subordinate clause, especially in the passive sentence (like in sentence 2,3,4), the time sequence seems not as strong as the original one. Thus, the participial phrase behaves more like a status. The most important reason two sentences cannot be equalized is when they appear in the contexts. Usually, we use participial clauses when the topics have already been mentioned or related to previous sections. However, if the meaning is not quite clear within the context, conjunctions (before/ after) will be mostly kept to have better coherence.
To find out the actual usage of two different sentence patterns in our daily life, we check out on Corpus of Contemporary American English as the reference:
1) Physical Activity Patterns of Young Women Post-college Graduation (Mar2008, Vol. 42 Issue 1, p3-14, 12p, 5 charts)
Women who work frequently state that they have insufficient time or energy for exercise after they finish their typical commute and work day.
2) Umor Revisited: A Diachronic Study of Sacrosanct Principles Embedded in the Yakurr Leboku Festival (Autumn2008, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p54-73, 20p)
These men are selected when they are in their fifties, after they have proven themselves in the community as farmers or have led successful careers within the Nigerian military, police force, or civil service.
This sentence doesn’t change into participial clause because the author may try to balance the importance and emphasize the time sequence between two sentences .
3) The Boss is Watching (Jan2008, Vol. 94 Issue 1, p48-53, 6p, 2 color)
These are just a few cases from recent years: -- In 2000, a national supermarket chain fired a long-term company truck driver after finding out he liked to cross-dress in his spare time.
4) Preparation for Midskilled Work and Continuous Learning in Nine Community College Occupational Programs (Jan2008, Vol. 35 Issue 3, p208-236, 29p, 1 chart, 1 diagram)
They believed that graduates were able to be productive soon after being hired because they had a good understanding of how their jobs fit in with the general flow of work and with the expectations of employers.
The subordinate clauses are trivialized and become more like additional remarks of the main clauses.
(4) As
The meaning and the function of the word “as” vary depending on the communicative context shared by both speakers and listeners. The analysis below aims to examine whether the retaining or omitting of the word “as” as a conjunction in a sentence affects the original meaning that the speaker intends to convey. The guidelines in grammars regarding the deletion of “as” will then be tested to see if they are applicable to actual speech production.
According to “Wen Shih’s New English Grammar with Detailed Explanations, First Edition” and “A Comprehensive Survey of English Grammar, First Edition,” “as” can be omitted if it carries one the following two meanings:
(1) while sth. else is happening: indicating “time”
As he came into the room, he was smiling.
= He came into the room, smiling.
(2) used to state the reason for sth.: indicating “the cause”
As there was no taxi, we had to walk.
= There being no taxi, we had to walk.
Based on the fifty sentences randomly selected from British National Corpus, among the sixty-nine times the word “as” occurs, twenty-two of them appear to be conjunctions. When used as a conjunction, 45.45% (ten out of twenty-two examples) of the usage of “as” contains the aforementioned two meanings. Applying the patterns for “as” deletion to sentences from BNC, the results would be:
(1) while sth. else is happening: indicating “time”
(1-a) She clutched the door handle for support as he manoeuvred past a bus, and then they began to leave behind the slowly rising concrete buildings and the dust and reached the worn hills beyond.
→ (1-b) She clutching the door handle for support, he manoeuvred past a bus, and then they began to leave behind the slowly rising concrete buildings and the dust and reached the worn hills beyond.
If we compare sentence (1-b) with sentence (1-a) in which “as” bears the concept of the “co-occurrence of two events during the same period of time,” we might perceive that in terms of time and space the connection between the two movements, the female’s clutching the door handle and the male’s manoeuvring past a bus, seems to be looser than that in sentence (1-a). In addition, with the presence of “as,” from sentence (1-a) we can learn that the male’s movement occurs first, followed by the female’s, whereas in sentence (1-b), the sequence of the movements becomes ambiguous and confusing.
As we take another sentence from BNC for the usage of “as” concerning the reasons for an event, we will derive:
(2) used to state the reason for sth.: indicating “the cause”
(2-a) Wealth used for production (for example shares) is of particular interest to Marxist sociologists as they believe that power largely derives from ownership of the means of production.
→ (2-b) ? They believing that power largely derives from ownership of the means of production, wealth used for production (for example shares) is of particular interest to Marxist sociologists.
In sentence (2-b), the subjects in the two clauses are to some extent incoherent, rendering the meaning of the entire sentence unclear. On the other hand, sentence (2-a) clearly shows the reasoning for cause (Marxian belief of power deriving from ownership of the means of production) and effect (wealth used for production being of particular interest), and its sentence structure is also easier for listeners to process the meaning it contains. In general, from the corpus data shown above, we can conclude that it is obvious the lack of “as” usually causes meaning ambiguity in communication. Although many grammars note that on certain conditions sentences with and without the conjunction “as” are perfectly interchangeable, it is not always the case in real speech.
(5)Though
In the book, it says that the original sentence conjoined by “though” means the same when it is presented with the participle construction. However, we intuitively feel some difference between the two (the original one and the participle construction one.) Therefore, we look into the COCA corpus to see if there indeed are some differences. There are 157311 solutions to this query “though.” COCA corpus presents 100 entries within one page. The appendix is the a list of our result.
And among these 100 entries, we find only three sentences presented by participle construction.
First of all, I discover that, in the above three examples, “though” only occurs at the initial place. Then I boldly guess it is because the message led by “though participle” here is often older or less important than the following part. Therefore, in the original sentences conjoined by “though conjunction”, “though” can occur in the middle or the final place. For example, in this sentence, “Most focus on the elderly population, even though younger adults who need discharge planning seem to have more problems obtaining and maintaining services,” it seems that the part led by “though” delivers the important message of young adults’ problems. In contrast, in the three examples presented by participle construction, the part led by “though” seems much less important. For example, in the sentence, “Though uneducated and penniless, he was a gentle, nature-loving man, and music was his passion,” it seems that “he was a gentle, nature-loving man, and music was his passion” is the main point here, while the former part “Though uneducated and penniless” is only a supplement to it.
The other proof of this view is that “even” often used with “though” in the original sentences (28 cases here), while there’s no participle construction sentences starting with “even though”. As we know, “even” is an emphasis to the message; therefore, it seems that message led by the “though conjunction” (in the original sentences) is more important than the one led by the “though participle” (in the participle construction sentences.)
3. 結論
總結上方的言論，第一點，我們發現分詞構句跟未省略的子句(Subordinate Clause)，在語用有很明顯的不同。分詞構句顯然比Subordinate Clause更有trivialized 的感覺，也更像補充說明，且在語意上的份量相對較輕。那是因為分詞構句地位比較像Phrase，跟Clause比起來，在句法跟語意上都較輕。
我們都知道從syntactic觀點來看，Independent Clause(獨立子句)的分量大於從屬子句(Subordinate Clause)，而Clause都大於phrase, 可推出下方結論：
Independent Clause(獨立子句)＞從屬子句(Subordinate Clause)＞phrase(NP)＞N
分詞構句地位較像phrase，自然跟子句再語意跟句法上有落差！但是，參考書都直接畫上等號，這是相當不恰當的教法！
第二點，我們觀察分詞構句出現的語用場合(context)，會發現，它通常會在context的中間，前面一定有句子提到相關的主題或事件，才使用分詞構句。而這跟pragmatics觀點有關，當我們第二次提及這個主題時，因為上文以提供足夠的quantity包括主詞啦，事件等等的，因為上文以提過夠多的線索，所以他主要就是強調他的manner，要能夠be brief and orderly. 因此他會省略一些metadiscourse，像if ,though, 用分詞構句提綱扼要一下重點。而現有參考書將2者畫上等號，學生若在不知情的情況下亂用，就會有不authentic的感覺。
第三點，參考書有考慮到順序，我們對於順序也有提出質疑，因為並非所有的連接詞都一定得去除，加上在2句主詞不同情形下，也不能做省略。因為市面上編排亂，難保學生學錯。且在as跟一開始教科書分析我們得知，分詞構句有時會造成ambiguity，但很多參考書卻沒把它列位重點。學生就會以為所有conjunctions都可以如此使用。且觀察corpus語料發現，此類句型並不常見，是否有必要花這麼長篇幅學習？
在我們提出報告當中，有觀察到不同的conjunction，省略後效果有所不同。有的造成有status的感覺，或是有topicalization的感覺，而使動作更加鮮明。我們所提出的論點，最主要是證明參考書不可直接畫上等號，這是相當不恰當的教法！參考書也應大略敘述此句型使用情境，而不試用 deductive的方式直接講述文法，這相當不恰當。
References:
參考書書名:
升大學挑戰英文文法總複習講義，出版社:龍騰文化事業公司，頁碼: p.132-p.135，編輯者：陳賢，黃愛倫
活用圖解英文法 編著/陳啟賢˙陳明亮
Wen Shih’s New English Grammar with Detailed Explanations, First Edition
http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/
http://www.americancorpus.org/
95 A++
(You have done more than required!!!
Keep up the good job.)
Dear all,
Good job. (You’ve done more than required.)
只有一點要注意：分析時最好能根據語料整理提出數據，則你們所提出的論點將更為有力。
Appendix Corpus data from COCA corpus
The query is “though.”
1
2008
ACAD
GeorgiaHisQ
to exercise authority over their claims and of what to do with indigenous populations. Though the Indians were not subjects of European monarchs, colonial powers did not view them
2
2008
ACAD
RoeperReview
is possible to explore some of the basic cognitive components of intellectual performance, even though this information is not readily applicable in the practical setting. The challenge is bridging
3
2008
ACAD
RoeperReview
" each of these different brains into one brain, called a template image. Though modern techniques of coregistering individual brains into a common template image has become easier and
4
2008
ACAD
RoeperReview
It is important to note that no gender differences are reported in this study even though other papers report gender differences in the development of language structures of the brain.
5
2008
ACAD
RoeperReview
(Craggs, Sanchez, Kibby, Gilger, &; Hynd, 2006). Though this study is conducted within one family, it suggests a correlation between the presence
6
2008
ACAD
CollegeStud
this study wanted to weigh about 14 pounds less than she currently weighed. Even though this may not seem like a large amount of weight, it represented about 10%
7
2008
ACAD
AfricanArts
of the 2000s. The more positive aspects of these changes should be highlighted, though. Generally, they have been implemented with major conservation, inventory, and digitization
8
2008
ACAD
AfricanArts
these images are not associated with the African galleries in fine arts museums, even though individual objects in their collections were originally acquired under exactly the same kinds of circumstances
9
2008
ACAD
ForeignAffairs
increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows between Asia and Africa, even though much more modest than the increase in trade, is also noteworthy. India's
10
2008
ACAD
ForeignAffairs
states, as well as in China and India, still limit trade, even though as members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), these countries have relatively
11
2008
ACAD
ForeignAffairs
especially those geared toward business services, are still woefully underdeveloped in Africa, even though a surge of private providers of mobile telephony is helping greatly by providing higher-quality service
12
2008
ACAD
TechTeacher
be implemented to alleviate some problems. According to Stark (2001), " Though barriers often do present as a result of the built environment (e.g. bathtub)
13
2008
ACAD
IntlAffairs
, farming and irrigation are strongly associated with masculinity and identified as male jobs. Though most rural women farm and irrigate, they are seldom seen as farmers by water
14
2008
ACAD
IntlAffairs
exercise of political authority is still primarily associated with men socially and culturally, even though change in this regard is slowly coming. Gender identity partly determines the right to
15
2008
ACAD
IntlAffairs
meant that the engineer's irrigation project was flawed and could not proceed. Even though the men of the village obviously were aware of the women's herding duties that
16
2008
ACAD
NaturalHist
harms are hardly worth the benefits. Others continue to prescribe it liberally, as though it really is a lifesaver. Yet for certain patients, digitalis remains modestly effective
17
2008
ACAD
CollegeStud
Lastly, RQ4 examined the stability of expectations based on year in school. Again though we did find differences regarding class size and availability of the professor outside of class
18
2008
ACAD
HealthSocialW
services. Follow-up periods vary widely. Most focus on the elderly population, even though younger adults who need discharge planning seem to have more problems obtaining and maintaining services
19
2008
ACAD
HealthSocialW
of specific services, adequacy of specific services, unmet needs, and services received though not planned. To examine the third study aim, logistic regressions were used.
20
2008
ACAD
HealthSocialW
health care from the HMO was frequently cited as a service that patients received even though it was not planned by the social worker. These services share two common factors
21
2008
ACAD
ABAJournal
nurses' union regarding a hospital's use of identification badges embedded with RFID. Though hospital management justifies RFID as a way to find nurses without using noisy intercom systems
22
2008
ACAD
Education
preservice teacher's tension between care and control during the student teaching process. Even though the student teacher struggled with keeping balance between controlling and caring in the classroom,
23
2008
ACAD
Education
need to be careful when you're asking questions to them. " And even though we were careful when we asked some of them, " What do you worry
24
2008
ACAD
Education
philosophy in light of enactment caring (Goldstein &; Freedman, 2003). Even though some research suggested the wash-out effect or reality shock (Lortie, 1975) with
25
2008
ACAD
NaturalHist
their toes, evolving longer toe bones and eventually losing their lateral digits. Even though canids were getting faster, they also had to adjust to competition from new carnivoran
26
2008
ACAD
GeographRev
1995; Arce and Daniel 1999). But are the commons disappearing? Even though the 1992/1993 reforms to Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution allowed for the privatization of
27
2008
ACAD
GeographRev
, increased dramatically. As research by Flavia Echnove and Cristina Steffen has shown, though such ejidatarios are not in full flight but, rather, creating new forms of
28
2008
ACAD
CommCollegeR
included one or more science courses in biology, chemistry, or microbiology. Even though connections could be drawn easily in these courses to human biology, health, and
29
2008
ACAD
CommCollegeR
be given to preparing students to learn continuously on their own after graduation, even though occupational education is well suited to do this. Occupational education offers a rich context
30
2008
ACAD
TheologStud
neoliberal policies on women (an underdeveloped theme in CST), a deeper (though not uncritical) appreciation for local cultures, and a deepened appreciation of the seriousness
31
2008
ACAD
SchoolPsych
refer to comprehensive measures of reading administered in Grades 1-3 as highstakes assessments, even though for No Child Left Behind purposes high-stakes testing begins in Grade 3. However,
32
2008
ACAD
ForeignAffairs
Yet strategic stocks are rarely handled with an accurate view of these markets, even though effective management would mean offering reliable supplies in a crunch without undermining the enormous benefits
33
2008
ACAD
InstrPsych
section. These two studies address the possible academic achievement benefits for web-based education, though, and don't address the use of technology in face-to-face classroom settings. The
34
2008
ACAD
AmerIndianQ
Knee because they were being held by the U.S. military as prisoners of war, though no state of war had been officially declared. The Cheyenne River Indian agent,
35
2008
ACAD
SouthwestRev
it was with that distantly remembered history. Nobody really thought much about it, though a few of our more intellectually minded citizens took it up in their retirement.
36
2008
ACAD
SouthwestRev
it could always borrow one. It could pretend to be part of Texas, though it really wasn't: not, at least, a part of the Texas
37
2008
ACAD
SouthwestRev
. Nobody I asked about the Jewish memorial knew what I was talking about, though the guidebook assured me it was over there somewhere. The park was enormous and
38
2008
ACAD
SouthwestRev
. I had come in search of one family of Ukrainian Jews--not my own, though my great-great-grandparents had made the progress from Odessa to Houston. On this trip I
39
2008
ACAD
SouthwestRev
empires that no longer exist. The name itself is Turkish, aan Lik, though nobody was sure what that meant, and nothing survives of the Turks in Podolia
40
2008
ACAD
SouthwestRev
, the capital of free Ukraine is, awkwardly, a Russian speaking city, though the signs are all in Ukrainian, and even ethnic Ukrainians lament their inability to
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ACAD
SouthwestRev
a reader through the old man's rocky pastures. " Not that meter, though the meter is much and not that tone though the tone is more, "
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SouthwestRev
. " Not that meter, though the meter is much and not that tone though the tone is more, " he insisted in the nineteenth notebook, " and
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SouthwestRev
live out his years northeast of Eden, surviving by the sweat of his brow though he holds dominion over all, he wants to be standing on the earth,
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ACAD
SouthwestRev
abruptive spondee underlies " makes gaps " crucial to open passage, two-by-two, as though the animals could return to the Ark through naturally occurring cracks in Eden's walls
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ACAD
SouthwestRev
stripped of its black-and-white bark, poses equal mortal hazard. Where to turn? Though he's hibernating for winter, the woodchuck " could say whether it's like
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2008
ACAD
SouthwestRev
And that's just it: his words are not hers " a-mind, " though Adam named everything in the Garden and held dominion over all, ribbing and naming
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SouthwestRev
in her exit. It's the unbridgeable chasm between his and hers: " Though I don't like such things' twixt those that love. / Two that
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ACAD
SouthwestRev
grieve. And now she accuses him of sneering, which he vehemently denies, though he sounds like a judge at his own hanging and quickly takes offense, reversing
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SouthwestRev
Neither Christian nor Greek paternal God has come back yet with the run-away goods, though their grief-song keeps burbling through the woods. As from the beginning, male and
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ACAD
AfricanArts
spirit in preparation for Lobo/Yekpi took twenty diviners' efforts throughout the night, even though participation then was restricted to members of the patrician of the head of the diviners
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2008
ACAD
PSAJournal
the major targets in the late afternoon shoot was the Proboscis Monkeys Nasalis larvatus. Though easily seen during the day filling their potbellies with vegetation, these largish monkeys were
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2008
ACAD
PSAJournal
orangutans are currently found only in rainforests on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, though fossils have been found in Java. Vietnam and China. The name derives from
53
2008
ACAD
GeographRev
context, " it seems that a romantic theory can receive widespread acceptance, even though it is based on a total disregard of realities " (1976, 36)
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GeographRev
Conquest on both continents " (1948 1972, 94; italics added). Though not fully conceding to his rival's approach, Kubler did acknowledge Stanislawski as the
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2008
ACAD
GeographRev
inquiry that attempt to move beyond the diffusionist search for " origins. " Even though many scholars have abandoned the quest to determine the grid's origin, Stanislawski's
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ACAD
GeographRev
internal to what on the surface appears homogenous and coherent--and presents itself and behaves as though it were " (1974 1991, 352). From such a dialectical perspective
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ACAD
Education
played for pauper and prince alike, there lived a humble musician named Simeon. Though uneducated and penniless, he was a gentle, nature-loving man, and music was
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2008
ACAD
TheologStud
completion of one's obligatory works) and indiscrete fasting, which hinders useful, though unrequired, acts. Aquinas takes pains to emphasize that virtuous fasting is not in
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2008
ACAD
TheologStud
Carthusian abstinence by arguing that it is not, in fact, exceptionless, even though the community expressed the prohibition in absolute terms to avoid abuses and declining standards. (
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2008
ACAD
TheologStud
's food and drink, either taken at one meal or divided into two. Though he claims that one should shun fatty meats, he has few other rules about
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ACAD
TheologStud
God. (n62) Even longer life, which Lessius recognizes is a possible (though not an inevitable) outcome of his regimen, is of value primarily because it
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ACAD
TheologStud
concerned about living a long life--at least in reference to our nutritional and exercise choices--even though our behavior in practice falls far short of our aspirations? Vitoria and Lessius lived
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ACAD
TheologStud
illuminate the difficulties in analyzing the duty to preserve one's life through food. Though he defends such a duty, Vitoria demonstrates that it is subject to limitation through
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2008
ACAD
SportBehavior
SD = 3.99 &; Study 2 M = 16.1, SD = 4.3), though these were not significant differences. Based on these results, Petruzzello stated that it
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2008
ACAD
SportBehavior
states. For example, subjects in Petruzzello's research were slightly more anxious (though not significantly) outside the laboratory than in the laboratory. Considering the question regarding
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2008
ACAD
SportBehavior
actions such as exercise increase heart and respiratory rates in a similar and proportional, though reduced, manner to the action imagined. As participants knew they would soon be
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2008
ACAD
SportBehavior
it is possible that their affective pattern through the day had already been influenced. Though these ideas are speculative, they are logically appealing and warrant further investigation. Considering
68
2008
ACAD
SportBehavior
the effect of exercise on affective states. Considering the energy and calmness dimensions, though there were no differences observed between daily mean affect and preexercise affect, there were
69
2008
ACAD
EnvironHealth
smokefree law went into effect. The location allowed smoking in a private area even though the private space was adjacent and open to the public area, thus violating the
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2008
ACAD
SportBehavior
Van Raalte et al., 1995; Wrisberg &; Anshel, 1997); even though in some field studies negative ST was not associated with impaired performance (e.g. Dagrou
71
2008
ACAD
SportBehavior
particular, they reported that negative ST followed lost points and bad serves. Even though the study of Van Raalte et al. (2000) assessed ST through observational
72
2008
ACAD
SportBehavior
reported substantial evidence regarding the validity and the reliability of the intensity scale. Even though the direction scale has not been extensively validated, previous studies have reported adequate reliability
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ACAD
SportBehavior
interfering negative thoughts athletes experience while competing. Furthermore, it was revealed that even though there were no differences in anxiety intensity between the two anxiety direction groups, athletes
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ACAD
HealthSocialW
and 56. The majority of clients served were white (42 percent), though there were also a large percentage of Hispanic/Latina clients (28 percent). Smaller
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2008
ACAD
MiddleEastQ
97.24 percent support he received in the first referendum. (n1) Such results, though, have little significance. Syrian referendums are a government-orchestrated show and have nothing in
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2008
ACAD
MiddleEastQ
him to change policies. (n11) Not all credit should go to Bashar, though. As with his father, staying in power may have less to do with
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2008
ACAD
MiddleEastQ
White House after 9-11. Washington should not perceive Bashar al-Assad as totally inflexible, though. His father could change policies when he deemed it necessary, reassessing relations with
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2008
ACAD
MiddleEastQ
the case, then Jerusalem successfully called Bashar's bluff. Assad may believe, though, that he has the advantage of time. Since late 2006, the Bush
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2008
ACAD
TheologStud
Spirit followed in the sixth paragraph: Renew Your wonders in our time, as though for by a new Pentecost (Renova aetate hac nostra per novum veluti Pentecostem mirabilia
80
2008
ACAD
TheologStud
II will be (or is, or was) a new Pentecost, " though it connoted hope and expectation in that direction. Unquestionably the Lukan reference puts Vatican
81
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ACAD
TheologStud
, and a divide between Western culture and Christianity. There is no reason, though, to think that Pope Benedict XVI has renounced the image of a new Pentecost
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TheologStud
church's wider ongoing reception of revelation. " (n55) In this, though Rush does not insist on it, Vatican II is like, and in continuity
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TheologStud
the Holy Spirit, to determine the outward, ritual expression of these sacraments, though he intended each special grace. Something like this pertained to apostolic office too,
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ACAD
TheologStud
Pentecost " can not be matched only to the charismatic element in the church, though that element is real and " a new Pentecost " encapsulates a perspective on the
85
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ACAD
TheologStud
precisely in their distinctness from one another can now proceed. At the outset, though, it is appropriate to acknowledge a theological reflex built up in Catholicism from historical
86
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ACAD
TheologStud
. The mission of the Spirit is not the mission of the Son, even though the Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son, or in the common Western
87
2008
ACAD
TheologStud
because Christ's words and deeds in the New Testament present it as real, though not in a dogmatic, propositional format. Once revealed, the distinction between the
88
2008
ACAD
TheologStud
the Filioque. Western trinitarian theology has its own grounds for exploring the difference, though the Filioque does not encourage this and has abetted a Christomonist tendency in Western Catholicism
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2008
ACAD
TheologStud
founding gift, which is the Spirit and a new horizon for human existence, though certainly it does not mean a refounding of the church. The founding gift of
90
2008
ACAD
TheologStud
Before Pentecost Christ's followers lived a condition of faith in the risen Christ (though not everyone had direct experience of Christ risen) that left them inactive in communicating
91
2008
ACAD
TheologStud
ministry nor in the postresurrection period did Christ turn over the community's already designated though nascent modes of operation, the structures, to the apostles or disciples as if
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ACAD
TheologStud
public ministry and postresurrection manifestations. Before Pentecost the church did not yet exist, though there were essential elements. Afterward, the church existed and acted as an instrument
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2008
ACAD
VisualImpair
, which examined the interaction between graphical user interfaces and screen readers, that even though many of the obstacles encountered by users were slight, the cumulative effect led to
94
2008
ACAD
SchoolCounsel
to intervention, post-intervention, and 1 year later. She found that most, though not all, effects were maintained or increased over time. Orpinas et al.
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2008
ACAD
AnthropolQ
upon various political knowledges. Overall, this allows us to recognize that some (though certainly not all) movements are intensely involved in the epistemological work of analyzing,
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ACAD
AnthropolQ
. DAN did not constitute itself as a nonprofit, union, or party, though members of all three (and beyond) participated in DAN activities. It functioned
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2008
ACAD
AnthropolQ
it definitely implies a relearning of how to act and think about democracy. Even though we were familiar with representative democratic procedures, these rules were substantially distinct. Engaging
98
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ACAD
AnthropolQ
with (rather than in spite of) difference could actually be quite productive, though it required letting go of some of the certainty or authority which each thought they
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2008
ACAD
AnthropolQ
2007; Redfield 2005; Woodhouse et al. 2002), (n21) though it is unclear that this turn is having reciprocal effects within the mainstream of social
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2008
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Bioscience
team aims to determine whether soil organisms follow the same pattern.Next questions In April, though Adams had barely begun to get this year's samples unpacked and into his machines
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